FKH2 / YNL068C Overview
- Standard Name
- FKH2 1
- Systematic Name
- YNL068C
- SGD ID
- SGD:S000005012
- Feature Type
- ORF , Verified
- Description
- Forkhead family transcription factor; rate-limiting activator of replication origins; evolutionarily conserved regulator of lifespan; binds multiple chromosomal elements with distinct specificities, cell cycle dynamics; positively regulates transcriptional elongation; facilitates clustering, activation of early-firing replication origins; negative role in chromatin silencing at HML and HMR; major role in expression of G2/M phase genes; relocalizes to cytosol under hypoxia 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
- Name Description
- ForK head Homolog 1
- Paralog
- FKH1 7
- Comparative Info
-
Sequence
The S. cerevisiae Reference Genome sequence is derived from laboratory strain S288C. Download DNA or protein sequence, view genomic context and coordinates. Click "Sequence Details" to view all sequence information for this locus, including that for other strains.
Analyze Sequence
S288C only
BLASTN | BLASTP | Design Primers | Restriction Fragment Map | Restriction Fragment Sizes | Six-Frame Translation
S288C vs. other species
BLASTN vs. fungi | BLASTP at NCBI | BLASTP vs. fungi | CGD Synteny Browser
S288C vs. other strains
Protein
Basic sequence-derived (length, molecular weight, isoelectric point) and experimentally-determined (median abundance, median absolute deviation) protein information. Click "Protein Details" for further information about the protein such as half-life, abundance, domains, domains shared with other proteins, protein sequence retrieval for various strains, physico-chemical properties, protein modification sites, and external identifiers for the protein.
Alleles
Curated mutant alleles for the specified gene, listed alphabetically. Click on the allele name to open the allele page. Click "SGD search" to view all alleles in search results.
View all FKH2 alleles in SGD search
Gene Ontology
GO Annotations consist of four mandatory components: a gene product, a term from one of the three Gene Ontology (GO) controlled vocabularies (Molecular Function, Biological Process, and Cellular Component), a reference, and an evidence code. SGD has manually curated and high-throughput GO Annotations, both derived from the literature, as well as computational, or predicted, annotations. Click "Gene Ontology Details" to view all GO information and evidence for this locus as well as biological processes it shares with other genes.
- Summary
- RNA polymerase II transcription factor involved in positive and negative regulation of transcription during mitotic cell cycle; positively regulates DNA replication initiation; binds replication origins and promoters in sequence-specific manner; localizes to cytosol and nucleus
View computational annotations
Molecular Function
- Manually Curated
- enables chromatin binding (IDA)
- enables DNA replication origin binding (IDA)
- enables RNA polymerase II-specific DNA-binding transcription factor binding (IMP, IDA, IGI)
- enables sequence-specific DNA binding (IDA)
- enables transcription coactivator activity (IDA)
- enables transcription coregulator activity (IDA, IMP)
- High-Throughput
- enables sequence-specific DNA binding (HDA)
Biological Process
- Manually Curated
- involved in chromatin remodeling (IGI, IMP)
- involved in G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle (IGI)
- involved in G2/M transition of mitotic cell cycle (IGI, IMP)
- involved in negative regulation of pseudohyphal growth (IMP, IGI)
- involved in negative regulation of silent mating-type cassette heterochromatin formation (IMP, IGI)
- involved in negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II (IGI)
- involved in positive regulation of DNA replication initiation (IMP)
- involved in positive regulation of DNA-templated DNA replication initiation (IMP)
- involved in positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II (IGI, IMP)
- involved in positive regulation of transcription elongation by RNA polymerase II (IMP, IGI)
Phenotype
Phenotype annotations for a gene are curated single mutant phenotypes that require an observable (e.g., "cell shape"), a qualifier (e.g., "abnormal"), a mutant type (e.g., null), strain background, and a reference. In addition, annotations are classified as classical genetics or high-throughput (e.g., large scale survey, systematic mutation set). Whenever possible, allele information and additional details are provided. Click "Phenotype Details" to view all phenotype annotations and evidence for this locus as well as phenotypes it shares with other genes.
- Summary
- Non-essential gene in reference strain S288C; null mutants have abnormal vacuolar and spindle morphology, altered nuclear position, increased silencing at mating-type loci; nulls are also sensitive to anoxia, more easily form biofilms, and exhibit slow cell cycle progression and a G2/M phase delay; overexpression slows vegetative growth and decreases pseudohyphal growth under nitrogen starvation
Classical Genetics
- null
- overexpression
- null
- anaerobic growth: decreased
- biofilm formation: increased
- cell cycle progression through the G2/M phase transition: delayed
- competitive fitness: increased
- haploinsufficient
- oxidative stress resistance: decreased
- protein activity: increased
- resistance to chemicals: decreased
- resistance to chemicals: increased
- vacuolar morphology: abnormal
- viable
- overexpression
Large-scale Survey
Interaction
Interaction annotations are curated by BioGRID and include physical or genetic interactions observed between at least two genes. An interaction annotation is composed of the interaction type, name of the interactor, assay type (e.g., Two-Hybrid), annotation type (e.g., manual or high-throughput), and a reference, as well as other experimental details. Click "Interaction Details" to view all interaction annotations and evidence for this locus, including an interaction visualization.
Regulation
The number of putative Regulators (genes that regulate it) and Targets (genes it regulates) for the given locus, based on experimental evidence. This evidence includes data generated through high-throughput techniques. Click "Regulation Details" to view all regulation annotations, shared GO enrichment among regulation Targets, and a regulator/target diagram for the locus.
- Summary
- FKH2 encodes a winged-helix/forkhead (FOX) family transcription factor involved in regulation of the mitotic cell cycle. Fkh2p shares sequence similarity and partially redundant functions with another forkhead family transcription factor, Fkh1p. Both proteins regulate a set of about 35 genes of the G2/M gene cluster, also referred to as the CLB2 cluster, which are expressed during the late S/G2-phase and control the cell cycle progression into the M phase. The G2/M cluster includes genes encoding the B-type cyclins Clb2p and Clb1p, the polo-like kinase Cdc5p, the APC/C specificity subunit Cdc20p and the transcription factors Ace2p and Swi5p. In the promoters of these genes, Fkh2p binds the sequence (5'-GTAAACAAA-3') adjacent to a binding site for the MADS box transcription factor Mcm1p. Mcm1p and Fkh2p together repress transcription of the G2/M cluster during the S phase, until Fkh2p associates with the coactivator Ndd1p, which activates transcription of the G2/M cluster. When Clb2p and Cdc5p are produced, they phosphorylate Ndd1p, which further stimulates binding of Ndd1p to Fkh2p and transcriptional activation, as cells enter the M phase. During the M phase, Clb2p-Cdc28p complex activates the APC/C-Cdh1p ubiquitin ligase, which targets Ndd1p for degradation, shutting off the transcription of the G2/M cluster and allowing cells to exit the M phase. FKH2 and NDD1 are themselves regulated by yet another forkhead family transcription factor, Hcm1p, which activates their expression during the S phase.
Expression
Expression data are derived from records contained in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), and are first log2 transformed and normalized. Referenced datasets may contain one or more condition(s), and as a result there may be a greater number of conditions than datasets represented in a single clickable histogram bar. The histogram division at 0.0 separates the down-regulated (green) conditions and datasets from those that are up-regulated (red). Click "Expression Details" to view all expression annotations and details for this locus, including a visualization of genes that share a similar expression pattern.
Summary Paragraph
A summary of the locus, written by SGD Biocurators following a thorough review of the literature. Links to gene names and curated GO terms are included within the Summary Paragraphs.
Last Updated: 2016-03-23
All Curated Literature
All manually curated literature for the specified gene, shown as a count of references by year of publication followed by the most recent papers. Click "Literature Details" or "See all" to view all literature information for this locus, organized into topics according to their relevance to the gene (Primary Literature, Additional Literature, or Review).
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