LEU4 / YNL104C Overview
- Standard Name
- LEU4 1
- Systematic Name
- YNL104C
- SGD ID
- SGD:S000005048
- Feature Type
- ORF , Verified
- EC Number
- 2.3.3.13
- Description
- Alpha-isopropylmalate synthase (2-isopropylmalate synthase); the main isozyme responsible for the first step in the leucine biosynthesis pathway; LEU4 has a paralog, LEU9, that arose from the whole genome duplication 2 3 5
- Name Description
- LEUcine biosynthesis 4
- Paralog
- LEU9 5
- Comparative Info
-
Sequence
The S. cerevisiae Reference Genome sequence is derived from laboratory strain S288C. Download DNA or protein sequence, view genomic context and coordinates. Click "Sequence Details" to view all sequence information for this locus, including that for other strains.
- Summary
- LEU4/YNL104C is located on the left arm of chromosome XIV between transcription factor MET4 and polyphosphatidylinositol phosphatase INP52; coding sequence is 1860 nucleotides long with 29 synonymous and 4 nonsynonymous SNPs; LEU4 has a paralog, LEU9, that arose from the whole genome duplication
Analyze Sequence
S288C only
BLASTN | BLASTP | Design Primers | Restriction Fragment Map | Restriction Fragment Sizes | Six-Frame Translation
S288C vs. other species
BLASTN vs. fungi | BLASTP at NCBI | BLASTP vs. fungi | CGD Synteny Browser
S288C vs. other strains
Protein
Basic sequence-derived (length, molecular weight, isoelectric point) and experimentally-determined (median abundance, median absolute deviation) protein information. Click "Protein Details" for further information about the protein such as half-life, abundance, domains, domains shared with other proteins, protein sequence retrieval for various strains, physico-chemical properties, protein modification sites, and external identifiers for the protein.
- Summary
- Leu4p is 619 amino acids long, moderate in abundance and slightly longer-lived; monoacetylated on 7 residues, phosphorylated on 15 residues, and succinylated on 18 residues
Alleles
Curated mutant alleles for the specified gene, listed alphabetically. Click on the allele name to open the allele page. Click "SGD search" to view all alleles in search results.
View all LEU4 alleles in SGD search
Gene Ontology
GO Annotations consist of four mandatory components: a gene product, a term from one of the three Gene Ontology (GO) controlled vocabularies (Molecular Function, Biological Process, and Cellular Component), a reference, and an evidence code. SGD has manually curated and high-throughput GO Annotations, both derived from the literature, as well as computational, or predicted, annotations. Click "Gene Ontology Details" to view all GO information and evidence for this locus as well as biological processes it shares with other genes.
- Summary
- Alpha-isopropylmalate synthase involved in leucine biosynthesis; catalyzes the conversion of 2-keto-isovalerate to 2-isopropylmalate; localizes to both the cytoplasm and mitochondria
View computational annotations
Molecular Function
- Manually Curated
- enables 2-isopropylmalate synthase activity (RCA, IDA)
- enables protein binding (IPI)
- enables zinc ion binding (RCA)
Biological Process
- Manually Curated
- involved in branched-chain amino acid biosynthetic process (RCA)
- involved in L-leucine biosynthetic process (RCA, IGI, IMP)
Cellular Component
- Manually Curated
- High-Throughput
- located in cytoplasm (HDA)
- located in mitochondrion (HDA)
Metabolic Pathways
Metabolic Pathways annotations describe biochemical pathways involving this gene product in small molecule metabolism. These annotations connect gene products to specific metabolic reactions, substrates, and products within larger metabolic networks. Metabolic pathway data is curated from published scientific literature. Click the links to see detailed pathway diagrams on SGD's YeastPathways site for further exploration.
Phenotype
Phenotype annotations for a gene are curated single mutant phenotypes that require an observable (e.g., "cell shape"), a qualifier (e.g., "abnormal"), a mutant type (e.g., null), strain background, and a reference. In addition, annotations are classified as classical genetics or high-throughput (e.g., large scale survey, systematic mutation set). Whenever possible, allele information and additional details are provided. Click "Phenotype Details" to view all phenotype annotations and evidence for this locus as well as phenotypes it shares with other genes.
- Summary
- Non-essential gene in reference strain S288C; null mutant has leucine auxotrophy on non-fermentable carbon sources, decreased leucine and proline accumulation, increased tyrosine, phenylalanine, lysine, and arginine accumulation, abnormal amino acid profile, decreased oxidative stress resistance, decreased resistance to DNA-damaging agent methyl methanesulfonate and protein synthesis inhibitor streptomycin, increased resistance to benzo[a]pyrene and toxaphene, increased metal reductase activity, increased competitive fitness, and is haploproficient; activation mutants have increased branched-chain amino acid and isoamyl alcohol accumulation, decreased exponential phase growth, and dramatically increased resistance to 5,5,5-trifluoroleucine; repression increases toxin resistance; the null mutant of paralog leu9 is viable; the leu4 leu9 double mutant displays a growth defect
Classical Genetics
- null
- activation
- null
- repressible
Large-scale Survey
Interaction
Interaction annotations are curated by BioGRID and include physical or genetic interactions observed between at least two genes. An interaction annotation is composed of the interaction type, name of the interactor, assay type (e.g., Two-Hybrid), annotation type (e.g., manual or high-throughput), and a reference, as well as other experimental details. Click "Interaction Details" to view all interaction annotations and evidence for this locus, including an interaction visualization.
- Summary
- Leu4p interacts physically with proteins involved in organelle fission; LEU4 interacts genetically with genes involved in lipid metabolic process
203 total interactions for 175 unique genes
Regulation
The number of putative Regulators (genes that regulate it) and Targets (genes it regulates) for the given locus, based on experimental evidence. This evidence includes data generated through high-throughput techniques. Click "Regulation Details" to view all regulation annotations, shared GO enrichment among regulation Targets, and a regulator/target diagram for the locus.
Expression
Expression data are derived from records contained in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), and are first log2 transformed and normalized. Referenced datasets may contain one or more condition(s), and as a result there may be a greater number of conditions than datasets represented in a single clickable histogram bar. The histogram division at 0.0 separates the down-regulated (green) conditions and datasets from those that are up-regulated (red). Click "Expression Details" to view all expression annotations and details for this locus, including a visualization of genes that share a similar expression pattern.
Summary Paragraph
A summary of the locus, written by SGD Biocurators following a thorough review of the literature. Links to gene names and curated GO terms are included within the Summary Paragraphs.
Last Updated: 2006-08-08
All Curated Literature
All manually curated literature for the specified gene, shown as a count of references by year of publication followed by the most recent papers. Click "Literature Details" or "See all" to view all literature information for this locus, organized into topics according to their relevance to the gene (Primary Literature, Additional Literature, or Review).
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